Since structural
Housing crisis
Construction lags household formation across most of the EU. The result is rent inflation, mortgage stress and a mobility penalty for workers who cannot move to where the jobs are — a productivity loss that never appears as a government expense.
Accrued this year
€180,999,472,716
€6,686 /sec
Per citizen
€403.12
€470 per year
Per household
€918.78
€1,071 per year
Cost timeline
Modelled yearly cost across the EU, 2015–2026.
Figures are EU-wide and divided equally across 449 million residents.
Cost per worker by EU country
Model: EU-wide bill split by contribution key (GNI share; Netherlands 6.2%), divided by the labour force. Indicative.
Lower · €416€2,435 · Higher
Direct costs
€106.0 bn/yrMoney that leaves a public budget or an invoice.
- Housing allowances and rent subsidies€58.0 bn
- Homelessness services and emergency shelter€6.0 bn
- Social housing capital shortfall€42.0 bn
Indirect costs
€105.0 bn/yrPrices, productivity and welfare effects citizens absorb.
- Excess rent paid above long-run trend€70.0 bn
- Labour mobility and productivity loss€25.0 bn
- Delayed household formation€10.0 bn